An ideophone like Gbaya kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion' displays a certain resemblance to the event (for instance, its irregular vowels and tones depicting the irregularity of the motion). Ideophones are more like illustrations of events than responses to events. Proper ideophones may occur within utterances, depicting a scene described by other elements of the utterance, as in Japanese Taro wa sutasuta to haya-aruki o shita "Taro walked hurriedly' (literally 'Taro did haste-walk sutasuta'). However, in such cases the word ideophone is used as a synonym to interjection. Sometimes ideophones can form a complete utterance on their own, as in English "ta-da!" or Japanese jaan ( ジャーン, ta-da). One is that they are often marked in the same way as quoted speech and demonstrations. ĭespite this diversity, ideophones show a number of robust regularities across languages. Welayta, Yir-Yiront, Semai, Korean), they form a separate word class, while in others, they occur across a number of different word classes (e.g. The grammatical function of ideophones varies by language. However, the form of ideophones does not completely relate to their meaning as conventionalized words, they contain arbitrary, language-specific phonemes just like other parts of the vocabulary. The iconicity of ideophones is shown by the fact that people can guess the meanings of ideophones from various languages at a level above chance. Reduplication figures quite prominently in ideophones, often conveying a sense of repetition or plurality present in the evoked event. For instance, in West-African languages, voiced consonants and low tone in ideophones are often connected to largeness and heaviness, whereas voiceless consonants and high tones tend to relate to smallness and lightness. Ideophones are often characterized as iconic or sound-symbolic words, meaning that there can be a resemblance between their form and their meaning. For instance, in Gbaya, kpuk 'a rap on the door' may be onomatopoeic, but other ideophones depict motion and visual scenes: loɓoto-loɓoto 'large animals plodding through mud', kiláŋ-kiláŋ 'in a zigzagging motion', pɛɗɛŋ-pɛɗɛŋ 'razor sharp'. In many languages, however, ideophones do not solely represent sound. Some ideophones may be derived from onomatopoeic notions. A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopoeic words-words that imitate the sound (of the event) they refer to. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, color, sound, smell, action, state or intensity. Ī vivid representation of an idea in sound. The word ideophone was coined in 1935 by Clement Martyn Doke, who defined it in his Bantu Linguistic Terminology as follows. In the discipline of linguistics, ideophones have sometimes been overlooked or treated as a subgroup of interjections. Sometimes ideophones are called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like verb or noun), but rather a lexical class based on the special relationship between form and meaning exhibited by ideophones. ĭictionaries of languages like Japanese, Korean, Xhosa, Yoruba, and Zulu list thousands of ideophones. ![]() In contrast, the reconstructed example *"The rabbit zigzag zigzag across the meadow" emulates an ideophone but is not idiomatic to English. ![]() In the sentence 'The rabbit zigzag ged across the meadow", the verb zigzag takes the past – ed verb ending. For example, la-di-da functions as an adjective while others, such as zigzag, may function as a verb, adverb or adjective, depending on the clausal context. ![]() While English does have ideophonic or onomatopoetic expressions, it does not contain a proper class of ideophones because any English onomatopoeic word can be included in one of the classical categories. They may include sounds that deviate from the language's phonological system, imitating-often in a repetitive manner-sounds of movement, animal noises, bodily sounds, noises made by tools or machines, and the like. Ideophones resemble interjections but are unclassifiable as such owing to their special phonetic or derivational characteristics, and based on their syntactic function within the sentence. It is globally the only known word class exotic to English. The class of ideophones is the least common syntactic category cross-linguistically it occurs mostly in African, Australian, and Amerindian languages, and sporadically elsewhere. Words evoking ideas of specific sounds or other sensations An example of Japanese sound symbolism, " jaan!"Īn ideophone is any word in a certain word class evoking ideas in sound imitation ( onomatopoeia) to express an action, manner, or property.
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